Kodi Aerogel ndi chiyani?

Kubadwa kwa Airgel

Mu 1931, Kistler analekanitsa zamadzimadzi ndi zolimba pogwiritsa ntchito njira yowumitsa mowa mwauchidakwa ndipo anachititsa kuti mpweya usatsike ndi kugwa, zomwe zinachititsa kuti airgel padziko lapansi.

Tanthauzo la Airgel
Airgel ndi opepuka nano-porous amorphous olimba zakuthupi ndi nanometer-ang'ono yaying'ono particles aggregated wina ndi mzake kupanga nanometer-wakulu porous maukonde dongosolo ndi wodzazidwa ndi ambiri mpweya kubalalitsidwa TV mu maukonde mafupa.

Aerogels sizinthu zogwirira ntchito, komanso chikhalidwe chatsopano. Dziko la airgel ndi losiyana kwambiri ndi zinthu zina za zinthu zambiri. Ili ndi kukula kokhazikika ndi mawonekedwe ngati chinthu cholimba, komabe kachulukidwe kake kameneka kamatha kuchoka pamlingo wa 1 g/cm³ kufika pa 0.001 g/cm³ (otsika kuposa kuchuluka kwa mpweya); nthawi yomweyo, ili ndi mawonekedwe a siponji ngati ma porous, okhala ndi zinthu zingapo za microscopic (mafupa a nano-scale), macroscopic (condensed matter) ndi mesoscopic (multi-level and fractal structure), kupanga ma aerogels kukhala ndi zinthu zambiri zapadera. Imawonetsa kutsika kwamafuta otsika kwambiri, kutsika kwambiri kwamtundu wa elasticity, kutsika kwambiri kwa phonon, index yotsika kwambiri ya refractive, kutsika kwa dielectric pafupipafupi, kutsika kwamphamvu kwamamvekedwe, malo okwera kwambiri, kachulukidwe kakang'ono kwambiri komanso kugawa kwamtundu wa refractive, etc.

Gulu la Aerogels
Pali mitundu ingapo ya ma aerogels, omwe amakhudza pafupifupi machitidwe onse akuthupi. Nthawi zambiri, malinga ndi kapangidwe ka mankhwala, akhoza kugawidwa mu aerogels organic, aerogels inorganic ndi gulu aerogels, etc. Aerogels angathenso m'gulu pakachitsulo, mpweya, sulfure, okusayidi zitsulo ndi zitsulo kachitidwe malinga ndi zigawo zikuluzikulu zawo.

Mkhalidwe & Udindo wa Aerogels
Asayansi amati ma aerogels asintha dziko.

Airgel adatchulidwa kuti ndi imodzi mwa nkhani 10 zotentha kwambiri za sayansi ndi zamakono mumagazini ya 250 ya US Science. Pa 20 Ogasiti 2007, The Times inanena kuti airgel ndiye cholimba chopepuka kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi chomwe chimatha kupirira kuphulika kwa 1kg ya dynamite ndikukutetezani ku kutentha kopitilira 1300 ° C. Asayansi akufufuza kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka airgel m'chilichonse, kuyambira ma suti amlengalenga otetezedwa kwambiri mpaka ma supercapacitor mpaka zothandizira ku m'badwo wotsatira wa ma racket a tennis. Airgel amalonjeza kupikisana ndi mibadwo yazinthu zodziwika bwino monga phenolic resin kuyambira 1930s, kaboni fiber kuchokera m'ma 1980s ndi silikoni kuyambira 1990s.

Airgel adalembedwa mu Guinness Book of Records kangapo ngati wopepuka kwambiri padziko lapansi. Airgel ilinso ndi matenthedwe otsika kwambiri komanso index yowoneka bwino ndipo imakhala yotsekereza nthawi 39 kuposa ulusi wabwino kwambiri wagalasi. Airgel yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito kutenthetsa malo opangira mlengalenga a Mir yaku Russia ndi US Mars Pathfinder rover, ndipo yatenga kale gawo lofunikira pazamlengalenga.

Mbiri ya Airgel Development
1931, ma aerogels adakonzedwa koyamba ndi Kistler ku yunivesite ya Stanford, USA.
1985, msonkhano woyamba wa aerogels, wotchedwa ISA, unakonzedwa ndi Institute of Physics ku yunivesite ya Würzburg, Germany.
1993, ma aerogels amagwiritsidwa ntchito kutsekereza ma spacesuits, spacecraft, and space shuttles.
2002, Aspen Aerogel, kampani ya NASA, idakhazikitsidwa kuti ipange ndi kupanga ma aerogels.
2004, kafukufuku wa airgel wopangidwa ndi mabungwe ofufuza aku China.
2006, makampani zoweta airgel ku China anayamba kupanga aerogels.
2017, China kulengeza, GB/T 34336-201, Nonporous Airgel Composite Insulation Products
2021, State Council idatulutsa, "Action Plan for Carbon Reaching the Peak pofika 2023" pakupititsa patsogolo kafukufuku ndi chitukuko cha mpweya wa carbon, aerogel, chitsulo chapadera ndi zipangizo zina zofunika.

Zofunika Kwambiri za Aerogels
(1) Kuwala kwambiri. Airgel ndi yolimba kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, yokhala ndi kachulukidwe kakang'ono ka gawo limodzi mwa magawo asanu ndi limodzi a mpweya. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya kachulukidwe nthawi zambiri imakhala 0.001 ~ 1g/cm³.

(2) Kuchuluka kwa porosity ndi malo apamwamba kwambiri. Porosity ndi 80% ~ 99.9%, malo enieni ndi 200 ~ 1000m2 / g, ndipo kukula kwake kwa pores ndi 1 ~ 100nm.

(3) Kutentha kwapamwamba kwambiri. Kapangidwe kakang'ono ka nano-network ka aerogel kumalepheretsa kufalikira kwa kutentha komweko, ndipo mphamvu yake yotenthetsera yokhazikika ndi 2 ~ 3 maulalo otsika kuposa magalasi omwe amafanana nawo.

Mfundo ya airgel matenthedwe kutchinjiriza
Kuchepetsa kusuntha kwamafuta: Chiwerengero chopanda malire cha nanoparticles mu airgel chimapanga mafupa a mesh, ndipo kutentha kumangoyenda motsatira chiwerengero chosawerengeka cha nanoparticles. Kutentha kwa kutentha kungathe kuchitidwa motsatira chiwerengero chosawerengeka cha nanoparticles, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale njira yopanda malire yotengera kutentha kwamphamvu. Kutentha kwa kutentha mu cholimba kumachepetsedwa mpaka kutsika kwambiri.

Kuletsa kutentha kwa convection : Kukula kwapakati kwa ma aerogels ndi 20-40 nm, komwe ndi kochepa kuposa kuchuluka kwapakati kwa mamolekyulu a gasi a 69 nm, ndipo mamolekyulu a gasi omwe ali m'ma pores amataya mphamvu zawo zoyenda momasuka, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti convection ikhale yovuta kwambiri.

Kuchepa kwa kutentha : Makoma a pore opangidwa ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta aerogels ndi zishango za infrared, ndipo kuchuluka kosatha kwa zishango kumachepetsa kwambiri kutentha.

(4) Catalysis. Yaing'ono tinthu kukula, mkulu enieni padziko ndi otsika kachulukidwe wa airgel kupanga ntchito ndi selectivity wa chothandizira airgel apamwamba kwambiri kuposa catalysts ochiritsira, ndi zigawo zikuluzikulu yogwira akhoza kwambiri uniformly omwazika mu chonyamulira, komanso ali kwambiri matenthedwe bata, amene angathe kuchepetsa zochitika za mbali zimachitikira.

(5) Kutsekereza mawu. Kutsika kwamphamvu kwamphamvu kwa ma aerogels kumawapangitsa kukhala chinthu choyenera kuchedwetsa kwamayimbidwe kapena kutentha kwambiri kwa mawu. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya kuyimitsidwa kwamayimbidwe a airgel ndi yayikulu [103 ~ 107kg/(㎡-s)], yomwe ndi njira yabwino kwambiri yolumikizirana yamayimbidwe amagetsi akupanga zowunikira. Kukaniza kwamayimbidwe a piezoelectric ceramics omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga majenereta akupanga ndi zowunikira ndi 1.5 × 107kg/(㎡-s), pomwe kukana kwa mpweya kumangokhala 400kg/(㎡-s). Kugwiritsa ntchito silicon airgel yokhala ndi makulidwe a 1/4 kutalika ndi kachulukidwe pafupifupi 0.3g/cm³ monga cholumikizira kukana kwamakina pakati pa piezoelectric ceramic ceramics ndi mpweya kumatha kukulitsa kuchulukira kwa mawu ndi 30dB, kupititsa patsogolo kufalikira kwa mafunde acoustic ndikuchepetsa chiŵerengero cha phokoso ndi phokoso muzogwiritsira ntchito zipangizo.

(6) Kusefera. Nanostructured aerogels itha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati mtundu watsopano wazinthu zosefera bwino kwambiri za gasi. Chifukwa cha malo ake akuluakulu apadera, ma aerogel amatchulidwa ndi asayansi kuti "masiponji apamwamba" ndipo ndi abwino kutulutsa zowononga m'madzi, kutulutsa mtovu ndi mercury m'madzi, zomwe zimawapanga kukhala zida zabwino kwambiri zothanirana ndi masoka achilengedwe.

(7) Optical katundu. Airgel yoyera ya SiO₂ imakhala yowonekera komanso yopanda mtundu, ndipo index yake ya refractive (1.006 ~ 1.06) ili pafupi kwambiri ndi mpweya, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti SiO₂ airgel ilibe kutayika kwa kuwala kwa zochitika ndipo imatha kufalitsa bwino dzuwa. Chifukwa chake, imatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga magalasi otsekemera komanso ochepetsa phokoso.

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