Pa 13 Ogasiti 00 nthawi ya 24:2023, fakitale ya nyukiliya ya ku Japan ya Fukushima Daiichi idayambitsa kutulutsa madzi a nyukiliya m'nyanja. Zinadzutsa nkhawa anthu ambiri padziko lapansi. Kazembe wa dziko la China ku Japan Wu Jianghao adachita zionetsero ku boma la Japan chifukwa cha kutayira madzi a nyukiliya a Fukushima m'nyanja; China General Administration of Customs: Kuyimitsidwa kotheratu kwa katundu wa m'madzi wa ku Japan; Prime Minister waku South Korea: South Korea isungabe lamulo loletsa zinthu zam'madzi za ku Japan Fukushima osasintha.
Zimbudzi za nyukiliya, monga dzina limatanthawuzira, ndi zimbudzi zomwe zimakhala ndi radioactivity. Monga madzi otayira kwambiri a radioactive opangidwa mu ngozi za nyukiliya zotayikira, kapena madzi ozizira pokhudzana ndi mafuta a nyukiliya. Akatswiri amanena kuti madzi oipa a nyukiliya sali ofanana ndi madzi oipa a nyukiliya. Zimbudzi za nyukiliya ndizowopsa kwambiri, zomwe zili ndi mitundu 64 ya zinthu zotulutsa nyukiliya kuphatikiza tritium.
Zimbudzi za nyukiliya zimakhala ndi zinthu zambiri zotulutsa ma radio, monga uranium, plutonium, caesium, strontium, ayodini ndi cobalt. Ena mwa iwo amakhala ndi theka la moyo wautali, monga theka la moyo wa uranium-238, womwe ndi zaka 4.5 biliyoni, ndi theka la moyo wa plutonium-239, womwe ndi zaka 24,000. Zinthu zotulutsa ma radiozi zimabweretsa zoopsa ku thupi la munthu komanso chilengedwe, monga carcinogenicity, teratogenicity ndi mutagenicity. Kutengera magwero ndi zochitika zosiyanasiyana, kuchuluka kwake ndi kuchuluka kwa zinthu zotulutsa ma radio mu m'nyansi ya nyukiliya zimasiyanasiyana, koma nthawi zambiri zimapitilira miyezo yapadziko lonse lapansi ndi zotetezedwa.
Ngati zimbudzi za nyukiliya zitayidwa m'chilengedwe popanda chithandizo choyenera, zidzakhudza kwambiri chilengedwe ndi thanzi la anthu. Zinthu zotulutsa ma radiation zimatha kufalikira kudzera m'madzi, dothi, mpweya, unyolo wa chakudya, ndi zina zambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuchuluka kwa ma radiation mu zamoyo, zomwe zimayambitsa matenda osiyanasiyana komanso kusintha kwa jini. Chifukwa chake, kukonza ndi kutaya zinyalala za nyukiliya ziyenera kutsata miyezo yokhazikika yachitetezo ndi zikhalidwe zopewera kutayikira kulikonse komanso ngozi.
Ukadaulo wokhudza madzi otayira a nyukiliya womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'maiko osiyanasiyana ndi uwu:
- Chemical mpweya njira
The chemical precipitation njira ndi njira coprecipitating precipitating agent ndi kufufuza kuchuluka kwa radionuclides mu madzi oipa. Ma hydroxides, carbonates, phosphates ndi mankhwala ena a radionuclides m'madzi otayidwa amakhala osasungunuka ndipo motero amatha kuchotsedwa panthawi yamankhwala. Cholinga cha mankhwala ndi kusamutsa ndi kuika ma radionuclides m'madzi oipa kuti voliyumu yaing'ono sludge, kuti madzi oipa waikamo alibe radioactivity pang'ono otsala ndipo akhoza kukwaniritsa miyezo kukhetsedwa.
Ubwino wa njirayi ndi otsika mtengo, kuchotsera kwabwino kwa ma radionuclides a logarithmic, komanso kuthekera kochizira zinthu zomwe sizimatulutsa ma radiation ndi kuchuluka kwake komanso madzi onyansa okhala ndi madzi ambiri. Malo opangira chithandizo ndi matekinoloje omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ali ndi luso lokhwima.
Pakali pano, zinthu monga mchere wachitsulo, aluminiyamu mchere, phosphates, ndi soda ndizo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. Pofuna kulimbikitsa dongosolo la coagulation, zothandizira zophatikizana monga dongo, silika woyambitsa, ndi ma electrolyte a polima amawonjezeredwa. Kwa cesium, ruthenium, ayodini ndi ma nuclides ena owopsa omwe ndi ovuta kuchotsa, ma precipitants apadera amankhwala ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, cesium ikhoza kuchotsedwa mwa kubwereza ferrocyanide ndi copper ferrocyanide. Anthu ena amagwiritsa ntchito insoluble starch xanthate pochiza madzi otayira okhala ndi zitsulo. Mphamvu ya chithandizo ndi yabwino, kugwiritsa ntchito kwake ndikwambiri, ndipo kuchotsera kwa radioactive ndi> 90%. Ndi flocculant yosinthira ion yokhala ndi magwiridwe antchito abwino kwambiri. Chifukwa palibe sulfide yotsalira pothira madzi otayira, ndiyoyeneranso kuthira madzi oyipa.
- Njira yosinthira ion
Ma radionuclides ambiri amakhala ndi ionized m'madzi, makamaka madzi otayira a radioactive pambuyo pochiza mankhwala. Chifukwa cha kuchotsedwa kwa ma radionuclides oimitsidwa ndi ma colloidal, zomwe zatsala ndi pafupifupi mitundu ya ionic, yomwe yambiri ndi ma cations. Kuphatikiza apo, ma radionuclides amakhalapo pang'ono m'madzi, motero ndi oyenera kwambiri posinthanitsa ndi ma ion, ndipo pakapanda kusokonezedwa ndi ma ion osagwiritsa ntchito ma radio, kusinthana kwa ion kumatha kugwira ntchito bwino kwa nthawi yayitali. Ma resin ambiri osinthira ma cation amakhala ndi kuthekera kwakukulu kochotsa komanso kusinthanitsa kwakukulu kwa radioactive strontium. The phenolic cation utomoni akhoza bwino kuchotsa radioactive cesium, ndi microporous cation utomoni sangathe kuchotsa radioactive cations, komanso kuchotsa zirconium, niobium, cobalt mu mawonekedwe a colloids, ndi ruthenium mu mawonekedwe a complexes kudzera adsorption. Komabe, lamuloli lili ndi kufooka koopsa. Pamene zili ndi ma nuclides a radioactive kapena ayoni osatulutsa ma radiation mumadzi otayira ndi ambiri, bedi la utomoni limalowa mwachangu ndikukhala losavomerezeka. Nthawi zambiri, utomoni womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza madzi otayika a radioactive supangidwanso, choncho ukalephera, uyenera kusinthidwa nthawi yomweyo.
Njira yosinthira ion imagwiritsa ntchito utomoni wosinthanitsa ndi ion, womwe ndi woyenera pamadzi otayira okhala ndi mchere wochepa. Pamene mchere uli wochuluka, mtengo wa mankhwala ndi utomoni wosinthanitsa ndi ion ndi wapamwamba kusiyana ndi wosankha. Izi makamaka chifukwa cha kusankha otsika kwa utomoni amene ali malumikizanidwe kwambiri ndi radionuclides. Poyeretsa madzi owonongeka a radioactive, kugwiritsa ntchito electrodialysis kumatha kukulitsa kugwiritsa ntchito njira yosinthira ion.
- Njira ya Adsorption
Adsorption ndi njira yabwino yochotsera ma ion achitsulo cholemera m'madzi pogwiritsa ntchito zinthu zolimba zokhala ndi porous kuti adsorbe ndikuchotsa ayoni achitsulo cholemera. Ukadaulo wofunikira wa njira ya adsorption ndikusankha kwa adsorbent. Ma adsorbents omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri ndi carbon activated, zeolite, kaolin, bentonite, dongo, etc. Pakati pawo, zeolite ndi zotsika mtengo, zotetezeka komanso zosavuta kupeza. Poyerekeza ndi ma inorganic adsorbents, zeolite ili ndi mphamvu yayikulu yotsatsa komanso kuyeretsa bwino. Kuthekera kwa kuyeretsedwa kwa zeolite ndikokwera ka 10 kuposa kwa ma inorganic adsorbents, chifukwa chake ndi mpikisano kwambiri wothandizira madzi. Nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati adsorbent m'njira zochizira madzi, komanso amagwiranso ntchito ngati ion exchanger ndi fyuluta wothandizira.
Mpweya wopangidwa ndi activated uli ndi mphamvu zokometsera kwambiri komanso kuchotsera kwakukulu, koma kusinthika kwa carbon activated kumakhala kochepa, ndipo khalidwe lamadzi lamadzi oyeretsedwa ndilovuta kukwaniritsa zofunikira zogwiritsidwanso ntchito. Mtengo wake ndi wokwera mtengo ndipo ntchitoyo ndi yochepa. M'zaka zaposachedwa, zida zosiyanasiyana za adsorbent zokhala ndi adsorption zidapangidwa pang'onopang'ono. Kafukufuku wofunikira awonetsa kuti chitosan ndi zotuluka zake ndi zabwino zopangira ma ayoni azitsulo zolemera. Pambuyo polumikizana, utomoni wa chitosan utha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito kangapo popanda kuchepetsa kwambiri kutsatsa. Kugwiritsa ntchito sepiolite yosinthidwa kuti muzitha kuthira madzi otayira azitsulo zolemera kwambiri kumakhala ndi mphamvu yotsatsa ya Co ndi Ag, ndipo zitsulo zolemera zomwe zili m'madzi otayira oyeretsedwa ndizotsika kwambiri kuposa momwe zimatayira zonyansa zonse.
- Evaporation ndi ndende
Njira yolumikizira evaporative imakhala ndi zinthu zambiri komanso zoyeretsera, ndipo imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pochiza madzi oyipa apakati komanso apamwamba kwambiri. Mfundo yogwiritsira ntchito njira ya evaporation ndi: madzi otayika a radioactive amatumizidwa ku chipangizo cha evaporation, ndipo nthawi yomweyo, nthunzi yotentha imayambitsidwa kuti isungunuke madzi mu nthunzi ya madzi, pamene ma radionuclides amakhalabe m'madzi. Madzi osungunuka omwe amapangidwa panthawi ya nthunzi amachotsedwa kapena kugwiritsidwanso ntchito, ndipo madzi osungunuka amalimbitsanso. The evaporation ndende njira si yabwino kuchitira madzi zinyalala okhala ndi kusakhazikika nuclides ndi thovu mosavuta; imagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zambiri zotentha ndipo imakhala ndi ndalama zambiri zogwirira ntchito; panthawi imodzimodziyo, zoopsa zomwe zingatheke monga zowonongeka, makulitsidwe, ndi kuphulika ziyenera kuganiziridwa panthawi ya mapangidwe ndi ntchito. Pofuna kupititsa patsogolo kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka nthunzi komanso kuchepetsa ndalama zoyendetsera ntchito, mayiko akhala akuchita zonse zomwe angathe popanga zida zatsopano zopangira mpweya, monga ma evaporator oponderezedwa ndi nthunzi, ma evaporator amafilimu opyapyala, ma vacuum evaporator ndi ena atsopano apeza zotsatira zabwino.
- Tekinoloje yolekanitsa ma membrane
Ukadaulo wa mamembrane ndi njira yothandiza, yotsika mtengo komanso yodalirika yopangira madzi otayira a radioactive. Chifukwa ukadaulo wolekanitsa wa membrane uli ndi mawonekedwe abwino amadzimadzi, palibe kusintha kwa magawo, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zochepa, ukadaulo wa membrane wafufuzidwa mwachangu.
Ukadaulo wa nembanemba womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito kunja ndi: microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration , water-soluble polymer – membrane filtration, reverse osmosis (RO), electrodialysis, membrane distillation, electrochemical ion exchange, liquid membrane, ferrite adsorption filtration membrane separation ndi anion-exchange paper membrane ndi njira zina.
Chithovu cha Melamine, mtundu wa nanoscale khola la magawo atatu a ukonde wosefera, kukula kwake kwa pore mpaka 1nm, pore amatha kufika 0.297cc/g, pore kutsegula mpaka 98%. Itha kukwaniritsa kutsatsa bwino komanso kusefera kwa zinyalala za nyukiliya, ngakhale mitundu yambiri ya adsorbents kuwonjezeredwa.
- Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda
Njira zochiritsira zachilengedwe zimaphatikizapo phytoremediation ndi njira za tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Phytoremediation imatanthawuza ukadaulo watsopano wamankhwala mu-situ womwe umagwiritsa ntchito mbewu zobiriwira ndi ma rhizosphere tizilombo tawo tomwe timagwira ntchito limodzi kuchotsa zowononga chilengedwe.
Kuchokera pazotsatira zomwe zilipo kale, mitundu yogwiritsiridwa ntchito yaukadaulo wa bioremediation makamaka imaphatikizapo ukadaulo wa madambo, ukadaulo wosefera wa rhizosphere, ukadaulo wochotsa mbewu, ukadaulo wolimbitsa mbewu, komanso ukadaulo wotulutsa mpweya. Zotsatira zoyesa zikuwonetsa kuti pafupifupi uranium yonse yomwe ili m'madzi imatha kulemetsedwa mumizu yazomera.
Chithandizo cha Microbiological chamadzi otayira otsika ndi ukadaulo watsopano womwe unayamba kuphunziridwa mu 1960s. Pakhala pali maphunziro okhudza kuchotsedwa kwa uranium m'madzi onyansa a radioactive ndi njira iyi kunyumba ndi kunja, koma ambiri a iwo ali mu siteji ya kafukufuku woyesera pakali pano.
Ndi chitukuko cha biotechnology ndi kafukufuku wozama wa njira yolumikizirana pakati pa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi zitsulo, anthu adazindikira pang'onopang'ono kuti kugwiritsa ntchito tizilombo toyambitsa matenda pochiza kuipitsidwa kwa madzi onyansa a radioactive ndi njira yodalirika kwambiri. Maselo a tizilombo tating'onoting'ono amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mankhwala othandizira tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kuyamwa, kulemeretsa ndi kubwezeretsa ma radionuclides monga uranium mu njira yamadzimadzi, yomwe imakhala yogwira ntchito kwambiri, yotsika mtengo komanso yotsika mtengo. Komanso, palibe yachiwiri zoipitsa, amene angathe kukwaniritsa kuchepetsa cholinga cha zinyalala radioactive ndi kulenga zinthu zabwino kwa kubadwanso kapena geological kutaya ma nuclides.
- Magneto-molekyulu njira
United States Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) yapanga njira ya Mag-Mole-clue yochepetsera kuchuluka kwa zinyalala za radioactive monga strontium, cesium ndi cobalt zopangidwa. Njirayi imachokera ku mapuloteni otchedwa ferritin, omwe amasinthidwa kuti agwiritse ntchito maginito a maginito kuti amangirire zowonongeka, zomwe zimachotsedwa ku yankho ndi maginito, ndiyeno zitsulo zomangika zimabwezeretsedwanso ndikubwezeretsa bedi la maginito fyuluta. Ferritin ndi puloteni yomwe imagwira ntchito yambirimbiri yomwe imapezeka kwambiri m'zamoyo, yomwe imakhala ndi mikhalidwe yapadera yokana kusungunuka kwa asidi (pH<2.0), zoyambira zochepetsera (pH= 12.0), ndi kutentha kwapamwamba (osasinthika mpaka 70 ~ 75 °C kutentha kwamadzi). Ndi kuzama kwa kafukufuku wa ferritin, kupita patsogolo kwakukulu kwachitika pofufuza ntchito zatsopano mu vitro pogwiritsa ntchito danga la nano la chipolopolo chake cha mapuloteni. Kafukufuku wa in vitro awonetsa kuti ferritin imatha kusunga ayoni azitsulo zolemera mu vitro. Kuphatikiza apo, maphunziro am'mbuyomu adayang'ana kwambiri njira yosungiramo chitsulo ndikumasulidwa ku ferritin pogwiritsa ntchito ayoni ena olemera ngati ma probe omwe amapikisana ndi ayoni achitsulo. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, kafukufuku waposachedwapa wasonyeza kuti katundu wa ferritin kuti agwire zitsulo zazitsulo ndi kugonjetsedwa ndi kusinthika angagwiritsidwe ntchito pomanga riyakitala ya ferritin ndikuigwiritsa ntchito m'munda kuti apitirize kuyang'anitsitsa kuchuluka kwa kuipitsidwa kwa madzi oyenda ndi ma ion heavy metal. Pazifukwa zenizeni mu vitro, ma nuclei ena achitsulo, monga FeS nuclei, CdS nuclei, Mn3O4 nuclei, Fe3O4 magnetic iron nuclei and uranium nuclei of radioactive materials, adasonkhanitsidwa bwino mu nano space of the ferritin protein shells.
- Njira yothetsera inert
Pennsylvania State University ndi Savannah River National Laboratory apanga njira yatsopano yopangira zinthu zina zamadzimadzi zotayirira zochepera pang'ono kuti zikhale zolimba kuti ziwonongeke. Njira yatsopanoyi imagwiritsa ntchito njira yochepetsera kutentha (<90 ° C) kuti ikhazikitse madzi otayirira okhala ndi zamchere kwambiri, osagwira ntchito kwambiri, ndiye kuti, kusintha madzi otayika kukhala thupi lolimba lopanda mphamvu. Asayansi adatcha thupi lochiritsidwa lomaliza ndi "hydro ceramic" (ceramic yowotchedwa ndi bisque). Amanena kuti thupi lolimba lomaliza ndi lolimba kwambiri, lokhazikika komanso lokhalitsa, ndipo limatha kukonza ma radionuclides muzopangidwe zake za zeolite. Njira yokonzekerayi ikufanana ndi mapangidwe a miyala mu chilengedwe.
- Zero-valent iron percolation reaction wall technology
The permeable reactive barrier (PRB) ndi njira yomwe ikubwera m'mayiko otukuka monga ku Ulaya ndi United States yochotseratu zinthu zoipitsa m'madzi apansi oipitsidwa. Ma PRB nthawi zambiri amayikidwa m'madzi apansi panthaka, molunjika komwe kumachokera madzi apansi panthaka. Pamene oipitsidwa pansi madzi umayenda mwa khoma anachita pansi zochita zake hayidiroliki gradient, zoipitsa adzachotsedwa ndi zimachitikira thupi ndi mankhwala ndi zimene zipangizo mu khoma, kuti akwaniritse cholinga cha kubwezeretsa kuipitsa.
Iyi ndi njira yokhayo yobwezeretsa yomwe imafuna kusamalidwa pang'ono komanso yotsika mtengo. Monga nthambi yofunikira ya teknoloji ya PRB, teknoloji ya Fe0-PRB yafufuzidwa ndikupangidwa m'mayiko ambiri komanso m'zinthu zambiri za mankhwala owononga madzi apansi. Zotsatira zolimbikitsa zapezedwa pophunzira momwe zimagwirira ntchito, kapangidwe kake ndi kuyika kwa ma PRB, komanso kafukufuku wazinthu zatsopano zogwira ntchito. Akatswiri China ayamba kuphunzira yogwira percolation khoma teknoloji akuimiridwa ndi zero-valent chitsulo kuti remediation (mankhwala) uranium tailings radioactive madzi zinyalala, ndipo kafukufuku panopa akwaniritsa zina.
Kuti mudziwe zambiri zokhudza zinthu za SINOYQX melamine foam nanofiltration, chonde titumizireni uthenga pa [email protected] kapena titumizireni uthenga pa: +86-28-8411-1861.
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