Mafuta oletsa moto opangidwa ndi nayitrogeni
Nkhaniyi ikunena za zinthu zoletsa moto zochokera ku nayitrogeni, zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito zokha kapena ndi zinthu zazikulu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poletsa moto. Zinthu zoletsa motozi sizili ndi halogen, sizimatulutsa utsi wambiri, sizimatentha komanso sizimawala, zimakhala ndi mphamvu yoletsa moto komanso zimakhala ndi mtengo wotsika. Vuto ndi lakuti mapulasitiki omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito poletsa moto ndi ovuta kuwagwiritsa ntchito ndipo amafalikira bwino m'zinthu zoyambira. Zofunikira pa kukula kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono ndi kugawa kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono ndizovuta kwambiri ndipo nthawi zina zinthu zogwira ntchito bwino zimafunika. Kuwonjezera pa melamine, palinso melamine cyanurate (MCA) , phosphates, borates, mchere wa guanidine, mchere wa dicyandiamide, ndi zina zotero. Zinthu zoletsa motozi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu PA, PU ndi PO. Zingagwiritsidwe ntchito mu PA, PU, PO, PET, PS, PVC ndi epoxy resins, komanso zoyenera nsalu, utoto, matabwa ndi mapepala.
Chimodzi mwazinthu zazikulu zogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala okhala ndi nayitrogeni monga zoletsa moto ndikuphatikizana ndi phosphorous retardants yamoto kuti apeze synergistic phosphorous-nitrogen effect. Zosakaniza za mankhwala okhala ndi nayitrogeni okhala ndi phosphorous amakhala ndi mphamvu yoletsa moto kwambiri pa cellulose kuposa kuchuluka kwa zomwe zimawopsezedwa ndi malawi amtundu uliwonse. Nayitrogeni imalimbikitsa phosphorylation ya cellulose ndi phosphoric acid ndipo motero imathandizira pakutupa koletsa moto. Chifukwa chake, zigawo zogwira ntchito zamafuta ambiri oletsa moto ndi phosphorous ndi nayitrogeni.
Melamine
Melamine (MA) siyakayaka, imatenthedwa mosavuta ikatenthedwa, ndipo imawola ikatenthedwa kwambiri. Zifukwa zomwe zimawopsyeza bwino moto ndi:
- Zowonongeka zowonongeka zimachitika pa 250 mpaka 450 ° C, zimatenga kutentha kwakukulu ndikupereka ammonia kupanga mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya condensates;
- Kutha kukhudza kusungunuka kwa zinthuzo ndikufulumizitsa kuphulika kwake kukhala coke.
Melamine ndi yotsika mtengo, yosawononga, yosakwiyitsa khungu ndi maso, osati mutagen. Choyipa chake ndikuti imatulutsa cyanide yapoizoni ikawola pa kutentha kwambiri.
Melamine ndi mankhwala omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri poletsa malawi, makamaka ngati chigawo chimodzi cha zoletsa moto zoziziritsa kukhosi komanso popanga malawi a polyurethane ndi ma triazine resins. Kugwiritsidwa ntchito limodzi ndi esters yamadzi phosphate esters, melamine imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri poyatsira thovu la polyurethane.
Melamine cyanrate
Melamine cyanrate amapangidwa pochita melamine ndi cyanuric acid, yotchedwa MCA. Ndi mafuta odzola komanso oletsa moto, ufa woyera wa crystalline, wopanda fungo komanso wosakoma. Ndiwokhazikika kwambiri pansi pa 300 ° C ndipo imayamba kutsika mozungulira 350 ° C, koma sichiwola, kutentha kwake kowola kumakhala pafupifupi 440 ~ 450 ° C. MCA imakhala ndi nayitrogeni wambiri, yosavuta kuyamwa chinyezi, kutentha kwambiri kwamadzi mu makala, kuyatsa mpweya wa nayitrogeni, kumachepetsa kuchuluka kwa okosijeni ndi kuwonongeka kwa polima komwe kumapangidwa ndi mpweya. Kuphatikiza apo, kupangidwa kwa gasi ndi kutulutsa kwamafuta kumatenga mbali ya kutentha, motero kumapereka ntchito yoletsa moto.
MCA chimagwiritsidwa ntchito mphira, nayiloni, phenolic resins, epoxy resins, akiliriki emulsions ndi zina olefin resins. MCA imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati cholepheretsa lawi la epoxy resins. Mlozera wa okosijeni wawonjezeka kuchokera pa 24% mpaka 28% mpaka 46% mpaka 48% ndipo ndiwoyenera kwambiri pamagetsi oletsa moto ndi magawo. Amawonjezeredwa ku ma emulsions a vinyl acetate, ma emulsion acrylate ndi ma emulsions a mphira kuti apange zokutira zosagwira moto ndi zomatira bwino kwambiri komanso zosalala, komanso zopanda utoto.
MCA ndi mankhwala oletsa moto a triazine omwe ali ndi mphamvu zabwino kwambiri ndipo kugwiritsa ntchito kwake kapena kusakaniza ndi mankhwala ena oletsa moto kumakhala kothandiza kwambiri kuposa kugwiritsa ntchito melamine yokha.
Melamine phosphonates
Ma phosphonates a melamine amatha kukonzedwa kuchokera ku melamine ndi monophenylphosphonic acid. Zoyipa zake ndikuti ndizovuta kukonzekera ndikuziletsa kuti zisatuluke thovu mukasakanikirana ndi polyolefins, degassing imachitika. Cholepheretsa chalawichi chingayambitsenso kuipitsidwa kwa mitundu. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ngati choletsa moto wa polyolefins ndi polystyrene.
Melamine pyrophosphate
Melamine pyrophosphate imatha kupangidwa pochiritsa melamine ndi asidi wa phosphoric kenako ndikuwotcha pa 250-270 ° C. Pali zotchingira moto zambiri za ulusi, nsalu ndi mapulasitiki ena, koma mphamvu yoletsa malawi pamapulasitiki a polyurethane sizokhutiritsa, pomwe melamine pyrophosphate itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito bwino pakuyatsa mapulasitiki a polyurethane. Flame retardant polypropylene ndi momwe amachitira ndi pentaerythritol kapena momwe amachitira ndi pentaerythritol ndi phosphoric acid amathanso kupanga chokokera chosayaka, chosadontha.
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